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Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
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- Презентация теоретической части
- Презентация характерных черт эссе
- Рекомендуемый языковой материал
- Критерии оценки
- Примеры упражнений для подготовки учащихся к написанию эссе
- Образцы эссе (вариант 1 - ошибочный, вариант 2 - правильный)
- Анализ вариантов
- Задания для самостоятельной работы
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На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Презентация теоретической части.
Эссе - это - жанр критики, публицистики и т.д.. Другими словами, прозаический этюд, который представляет общие соображения о чем-либо. (Васянкина Л.А.)
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения относится к заданиям высокого уровня сложности С2. В данном задании проверяются следующиеумения и навыки:
1. высказать свое мнение, привести аргументы, доказательства, примеры;
2. последовательно и логично выстраивать свое высказывание;
3. использовать соответствующие средства логической связи;
4. правильно оформить стилистически в соответствии с поставленной задачей
Стилистически - это письмо формального стиля. Оно требует высказывания вашего мнения, которое должно быть ясно представлено, подкреплено рядом аргументов, необходимо включит противоположное мнение в последующем параграфе.
Структура эссе.
Данное задание делится на чтыре параграфа в соответствии с планом (нацеливайте учащихся читать план и работать сторго в соответствии с планом)
1. Вступление. В первой части необходимо сформулировать тему. Нельзя повторять задание дословно; оно должно быть обязательно перефразировано.
2. Главная часть состоит из двух параграфов.
Параграф 1 представляет ваше мнение и ваши доводы
Параграф 2 представляет протвоположное мнение и доводы к нему
З. Заключение. Суммируйте все, что было сказано ранее, использовав другие слова.
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
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Образец эссе с аргументацией «за» и «против»
и рекомендуемый языковой репертуар
Экзаменационное задание:
In western countries after secondary school, students very often do not continue immediately with their studies, but they take a one year break, called a ‘gap year’, when they travel or do voluntary work. Write an argumentative essay presenting arguments for and against the gap year.
Образец ответа:
<!--[if gte vml 1]> <![if !mso]>
Введение
в тему
<!--[if gte vml 1]> <![if !mso]>
Аргументы
«за»
<!--[if gte vml 1]> <![if !mso]>
Аргументы
«против»
<!--[if gte vml 1]> <![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]> <![if !mso]>
Заключение
Характерные черты эссе с аргументацией «за» и «против»
Рекомендуемый языковой репертуар
1. Введение: начните с общего представления темы (In today’s world… it is important) и предложения, выражающего её двойственный характер (It can be regarded as… but not without its problems).
1.Введение: The problem/issue/phenomenon of… is/arrears to be/has always been…, People always say/have always thought/agreed/sais/believed…, It is a controversial/burning/ hot question…, There is a dispute/discussion/no agreement…
2.Основная часть: представьте аргументы «за» (In its favour) и затем аргументы «против» (However, critics are quick to point out). Как показано в образце, вы можете представить аргументы «за» и «против» в отдельных абзацах. Старайтесь, представлять их симметрично (например, социальны, образовательные и психологические аспекты проблемы). Помните, что эссе такого типа требует сбалансированной аргументации.
2.Основная часть:
Типичные союзы и союзные обороты:
on the one hand…on the other hand; Firstly, To begin with, Secondly, Finally; In addition, Besides, Moreover, What is more, Furthermore; However, Despite this, In spite of this; In fact, As a matter of fact; As a result, Consequently
Другие выражения: One major advantage is…, As advocates of…claim/argue, As critics point out/claim…, There are a number of disadvantages/weaknesses/drawbacks/downsides
3.Заключение: четко подведите итог сказанному (All in all) и снова напишите предложение, отражающее противоречивость темы, но в то же время выражающее надежду на нахождение компромисса (One can hope … minimizing the danger and talking full advantage of benefits).
3.Заключение: All in all, To sum up, In conclusion, In summary, In general; it seems important to add/point out/remind that…, the issue/debate is far from
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Структура эссе.
Необходимо взять во внимание следующее:
1. Первое, что учащийся должен сделать - это решить согласен ли он с представленной в задании точкой зрения или нет. Составит список ваших доводов "за".
2. Каждый параграф должен состоять не менее, чем из 3-4 хорошо продуманных предложений.
3. начинать каждый параграф стоит с предложения, которое суммирует то, о чем будет параграф.
4. Каждый параграф должен быть связан с предыдущим и последующим при помощи соответствующих слов-связок.
5. Использовать технику написания первого и последнего параграфов.
Первый параграф может быт начат:
Последнй параграф может:
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Фразы и словосочетания, которые помогут вам донести свои мысли (клише)
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Вводные фразы для постановки проблемы
The problem/issue/phenomenon of… is/appears to be
People have always thought/believed
It is a burning/hot question whether we should pay…
There is a discussion/there is no agreement if(whether)
There are a number of disadvantages/weaknesses/side effects/drawbacks
Вводные фразы, излагающие преимущества, либо недостатки, точки зрения «за» и «против»:
The best/worst thing about…is
One major advantage/disadvantage of…
The main drawback of…
One point of view in favour of/against
Фразы, характеризующие плюсы и минусы в порядке их значимости:
In the first place…
First of all…
To start/begin with…
Secondly…Thirdly…Finally…
Last, but not least…
Фразы, добавляющие новые аспекты обсуждаемой проблемы
Furthermore/Moreover/What is more
As well as…
In addition to this
Besides/Also
Apart from this
Not to mention
Фразы, выражающие причины, уточняющие высказывание:
Because…The reason why…is that
What I like/dislike about…is
This would mean…
As a result of this
Фразы, подчеркивающие контраст, связывающие различные идеи:
However, On the one(other) hand
In spite of/Despite
Even though/Although
Nevertheless/Otherwise/Yet
Фразы, приводящие примеры, доказательство:
For example/For instance
Such as, Like. Especially
In particular
Заключительные фразы
All in all/ All things considered
To sum up
In conclusion/general/ On the whole
The problem is far from solving yet, but…
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Фразы для выражения своего мнения:
I believe, In my opinion, From my point of view, I strongly believe, The way I see, It seems to me that, As far as I am concerned
Фразы для представления противоположного мнения:
It is argued that, People argue that, Opponents of the view say, There are people who oppose, Contrary to what most people believe, As opposed to the above ideas
Фразы для представления примеров:
for example, for instance, such as, in particular, especially
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Критерии оценки:
1. содержание:
2. организация текста
3. лексическое оформление речи
4. грамматическое оформление речи
5. орфография и пунктуация
Письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения не должно превышать более 200-250 слов (обратить особое внимание на объем высказывания. Эссе менее 198 слов не проверяется и более 270 слов не подлежит проверке)
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
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Примеры упражнений для подготовки учащихся к написанию эссе.
Exercise 1. from Successful Writing –Upper Intermediate, Virginia Evans, Express Publishing
Read the closing paragraphs below and say whether they express a balanced consideration or the writer's opinion.
Key: 1,2,5-writers opinion 3,4,6-balanced consideration
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1. <!--[endif]-->In conclusion, getting married has, to my mind, more advantages than disadvantages. After all, what can be more fulfilling than a steady relationship with the person you love that lasts for the rest of your life?
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2. <!--[endif]-->To sum up, camping holidays do have advantages, the main one being that they are far cheaper than other holidays. In my opinion, however, there is too much hard work involved for them to ever feel like a real holiday.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3. <!--[endif]-->To conclude, by looking after animals and helping them to breed, zoos play an important part in protecting many species from becoming extinct. Therefore, the negative aspects of keeping animals in captivity are balanced out by the positive ones.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4. <!--[endif]--> All in all, computers have both advantages and disadvantages. They may have replaced humans in many jobs, but they have also made our lives considerably easier, and it is now difficult to imagine life without them.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5. <!--[endif]--> On the whole, while most people go on holiday to rest, this is one thing you are unlikely to do on an adventure holiday. In my opinion, this disadvantage outweighs all the advantages associated with this kind of holiday.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6. <!--[endif]-->Taking everything into account, there are both advantages and disadvantages in keeping pets. In the end it is up to the individual to decide whether the pleasure associated with owning a pet is worth the work that goes with it.
Exercise 2. from Successful Writing –Upper Intermediate, Virginia Evans, Express Publishing
Put these jumbled sentences in the correct order. Then write them out in two separate paragraphs, one including all the advantages, the other all the disadvantages. Finally, write a suitable beginning and ending for this topic.
Key: 1E,2B,3D,4G,5A,6F,7H,8C
Package holidays: Good or Bad?
A However, there are disadvantages to going on a package holiday.
В То start with, package holidays are cheaper than travelling on your own, as the price includes the air fare and hotel accommodation.
С Another negative aspect is that as you have paid for your accommodation in advance, you often feel obliged to stay in that place rather than move around and explore.
D Furthermore, the brochures from which most people select a package holiday usually give you a good idea of what the resort offers, therefore reducing the chances of disappointment.
E Package holidays have several advantages.
F In the first place, as package holidays are less expensive, the hotel is unlikely to be top-class.
G Last but not least, when visiting a new place it is often much easier to have all the details arranged in advance as it can be rather confusing to plan everything by yourself.
H Also package holiday destinations are usually popular tourist resorts, thus there is little opportunity to experience the true culture of the country you are visiting
Exercise 3. from Successful Writing –Intermediate, Virginia Evans, Express Publishing
Underline the correct linking word/phrase. Key: 1-besides 2-argue that 3-in favour of 4-even though 5-for instance
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<!--[endif]-->Besides/Despite, television affects the way we think.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<!--[endif]-->Many people are against/argue that we need advertisements in order to keep up to date with the latest products on the market.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<!--[endif]-->One point of view against/in favour of travelling is that it allows you to meet people from different cultures.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<!--[endif]-->Even though/Nevertheless most people nowadays use a computer at work, it will be a while before we stop putting our ideas down on paper.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<!--[endif]--> For instance/Still, people who know how to play a musical instrument are usually popular and make friends more easily than others.
Exercise 4. from Reading & Writing Targets 3, Virginia Evans- Jenny Dooley, Express Publishing
Read the opinions about motorcycles and match them to their justification. Which are points for motorcycles and which are against? Key: 1b 2f 3e 4a 5c 6d for:1,4,6 against:2,3,5
Arguments
1 They are very convenient.
2 You can't travel with your friends.
3 They aren't as safe as cars.
4 They are cheaper to run than cars.
5 They can be quite uncomfortable.
6 You can get to your destination quickly and easily.
Justifications
a .They use less fuel and need fewer expensive repairs.
b. You don't need to rely on public transport, and you can park them easily.
с . You can't sit back and relax on them and you're exposed in bad weather.
d They travel as fast as cars and you never get stuck in traffic jams.
e You aren't well protected and you can get badly hurt if you fall off.
f There's only room for one passenger.
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Exercise 5. from Reading & Writing Targets 3, Virginia Evans- Jenny Dooley, Express Publishing
Which of these sentences express the opinion given in the heading, and which express the opposing point of view?
Key: 1,2,4,6-opinion given in the heading 3,5-opposing point of view
"Having a pet is good for you."
1 In my opinion, owning a pet teaches children to become responsible adults.
2 In addition, a pet can be amusing.
3 However, pets need a lot of care and attention.
4 What is more, certain pets can be useful if you train them properly. .
5 On the other hand, pets can be a nuisance.
6 Firstly, a pet can |e good company.
Exercise 6 from Reading & Writing Targets 3, Virginia Evans- Jenny Dooley, Express Publishing
Match the viewpoints to the reasons. Is each point for watching TV, or against?
Key: 1B (for), 2C (for), 3A (against)
Viewpoint
1 TV can be educational.
2 TV provides cheap entertainment.
3 TV can have a negative influence on children.
Justification
A - encourages crime, makes violence look exciting
В - shows fascinating documentaries (nature/wildlife), keeps us informed
about world events, covers international sports events
С - can watch variety of films and programmes at home, cheaper than going to the cinema
Example: You have 40 minutes to do this task.
Comment on the following statement.
Fast food is very popular and saves time for busy working people. However, many experts say that it is not completely healthy.
What can you say for and against fast food? Write 200-250 words.
A HELP! Fast Food Restaurants
<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:2.0cm 42.5pt 2.0cm 3.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1406949123; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1828566942 68747265 68747267 68747269 68747265 68747267 68747269 68747265 68747267 68747269;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:18.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> <!--[if gte mso 10]> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Обычная таблица"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} <![endif]-->
For
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->They are quick and you don’t have to wait
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->The food is fairly cheap, especially for young people
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->They are the same everywhere, so you know what to expect
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->The restaurants are usually very clean and the waiters wear special uniforms (it’s pleasant to look at them)
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->They do their best to attract children, some of them organize parties for children ( for busy parents it saves a lot of trouble and time)
<!--[if gte mso 9]> Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]> <![endif]--> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:2.0cm 42.5pt 2.0cm 3.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:701173555; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1658051004 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:18.0pt; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> <!--[if gte mso 10]> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Обычная таблица"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} <![endif]-->Against
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->The restaurants create litter
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->Rain forests are cut down to provide land for cattle for the fast food industry
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->The food contains a lot of fat and all is placed in a bun - that is unhealthy
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->You don’t really sit down to eat
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->The food is the same everywhere and you can’t order the dishes which you enjoy most of all or get used to
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->You can’t visit the restaurant before opening hours ( early in the morning)
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Лекция Клековкиной Е.Е.
Раздел ЕГЭ "Письмо"
http://eng.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200702207
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Надежда Валентиновна! Спасибо за ссылку, вы, наверное, проходили дистанционные курсы? А есть ссылки на остальные лекции Клековкиной, если да, то разместите пожалуйста.
На: Работаем над содержанием каждого этапа мастер-класса
Надежда Валентиновна! Что за странная письменность "ацтеков"? Это, наверное, со сканера? Может лучше прикреплять "вордовские" документы? Прошу вас напишите пожалуйста по - русски.